Here is a simple DC motor speed controller circuit that can be configured to control the sweep rate of automobiles’ windscreen wiper. The circuit comprises a timer NE555 (IC1), medium-power driver transistor BD239 (T1), high-power switching transistor BD249 (T2) and a few other discrete components. It is configured for automobile usage with negative terminal of […]
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This circuit breaker employs a single operational amplifier (op-amp) and yet has a wide range and is user-friendly. A circuit breaker is an electrical switch intended to protect an electrical circuit or device from damage caused by excess current flow or short-circuit. A basic circuit breaker includes a simple fuse and a normal miniature circuit […]
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AI is becoming a disruptive force that is redefining the modern industry. This article features some exciting applications of AI, along with a glimpse into the future, illustrating how AI will continue to transform industries and our lives. Sophia, an artificial intelligence (AI) humanoid, was in the news recently for becoming the first robot ever […]
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Here is a circuit for automatic plants watering, which can be undertaken every morning without any human effort. A sensor is used to detect ambient light and activate a pump motor to start watering the plants in the morning. You can set the watering time duration as per your requirement. The author’s prototype is shown […]
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In this article we take a look at the various technology trends and interesting solutions we came across while visiting different parts of the globe throughout the year. Every year brings new opportunities to discover new technological inventions that can deliver real-life improvements. Many of the most-talked-about technologies today were discovered decades ago but have […]
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Virtual and augmented reality technologies are coming of age and finding many valuable real-world applications. Once upon a time our physical and digital worlds were quite separate, but technological advances are enabling digital worlds to become real enough to merge with the real world. Technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have […]
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This home automation system can measure temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and control two electrical equipment on Cayenne IoT (Internet of Things) platform. The two electrical equipment can be a light bulb and a ceiling fan, or any other electrical devices. The author’s prototype is shown in Fig. 1. Basic IoT components An IoT system […]
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A power supply converts AC voltage into regulated DC voltage. Read on to find out how to select the best power supply for an electronic device. A power supply for an electronic equipment is a circuit that converts AC voltage into regulated DC voltage. An electronic device does not normally use electric energy in the […]
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Dronecode Visit: Click here Full version: Free (BSD licence) Dronecode software development kit (SDK) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) program development platform created under the open source Dronecode project. It allows users to connect up to 255 PX4-based unmanned aircraft systems (UASes) to provide movement control and fetch telemetry data. It runs on different platforms […]
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In this video, the presenter is going to show you how he has used Raspberry Pi and a 3.5 inches display unit to create his own mini Pocket Personal computer. It is easy to make and take very less time constructing. Courtesy: The Wrench
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In this era of communication and connectivity, optical-fibre sensors find many applications, some of which are discussed in this article. For ages, sensors have been used in hazardous environments. These sensors often contain electronic components. In the past, it was a challenge for engineers to make sensors work at extremely high temperatures, such as in […]
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This article highlights common errors in 8-bit instruction sets, and introduces a novel architecture for decimal conversion instructions, especially in 8051, 8086, 8085 and PIC microcontrollers (MCUs). Statistical analysis of different methodologies has revealed that decimal conversion instructions in microprocessors and MCUs do not offer an error-free process. Bugs can be common for the above-mentioned […]
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In this tutorial, we will learn about one of the major applications of a PN Junction Diode as a Flyback Diode or Freewheeling Diode. The diode is such applications may also be called as Suppression Diode, Snubber Diode, Kickback Diode, Clamp Diode etc.
An important point to note is that this tutorial is explained with DC Circuits in mind. In AC Circuits, a special circuit called Snubber Circuit (which is a combination of a capacitor and a resistor) is generally used for the same purpose.
Switching inductive loads like motors, relays, transformers (in SMPS), solenoids etc. is an extremely common application. When designing switching circuits for such inductive loads, you need to take special care about high voltage spikes or also known as Inductive Flyback.
Without proper circuit protection embedded in your circuit design, the switches (either mechanical or semiconductor) would be seriously damaged and may result in circuit failure. Before understanding what is an inductive Flyback, how a Flyback diode works and other related aspects, first let us briefly take a look at the working of a Diode.
We know that a diode is a semiconductor switch i.e. a switch that does not require any mechanical motion to change its state. When the diode is forward biased and the voltage is greater than the threshold voltage, the diode acts as a closed switch and a large current flow in the forward direction i.e. Anode to Cathode.
When the diode is reverse biased, very small current (usually in µA) flows and the diode essentially acts as an open switch.
Keeping this in mind, let us proceed with inductive loads and high voltage spikes.
A conductive loop of wire, when subjected to an electric current through it, generates a magnetic field around it. This conductive loop is known as Inductor.
In fact, in case of electronics and circuits, even a small piece of wire or a trace on PCB can also be considered as an Inductor (or an inductive element) as it has inductance i.e. ability to store energy in the form of electromagnetic field.
As mentioned earlier, some of the commonly known devices with inductors (also known as inductive loads) are motors, solenoid, electromagnetic relay, transformer etc.
The following circuit shows a simple inductor connected to a DC Power supply with a switch.
When the switch is closed, the inductor builds up magnetic field and gets fully energized. The current flows from positive terminal of the power supply to the negative terminal through the inductor i.e. the inductor inhibits the flow of current in the circuit while it building up energy.
If the switch is now opened, the flow of current is interrupted and the magnetic field starts collapsing. As per Lenz’s law, the collapsing magnetic field induces a current in the circuit but in opposite direction.
As a result, a negative potential is created on the inductor where there was once a positive potential due to forward flow of current. This is commonly known as Back EMF or Counter EMF or Flyback Voltage.
Now, due to the Flyback voltage, the inductor essentially becomes a power source with a significantly greater potential the actual power supply itself. For a 12V DC Power supply, the Flyback voltage spike can be few hundreds of volts. The high voltage spike is determined by the following equation.
V = L di/dt, where
This means that the faster the current through the inductor is changed, the higher the voltage spike.
A Flyback voltage or an Inductive Flyback is a voltage spike created by an inductor when its power supply is removed abruptly. The reason for this voltage spike is the fact that there cannot be an instant change to the current flowing through an Inductor.
Time Constant of the Inductor determines the rate at which the current can change through an inductor. This is similar to the time constant of a Capacitor, which determines the rate at which its voltage can change.
Time Constant of Inductor Ï„ = L/R, where L is Inductance in Henries and R is series resistance in Ohms.
Similar to a capacitor, it takes nearly 5 time constants (5Ï„) to dissipate the current in an inductor.
Assume, in the above circuit, the inductor is 10H and the series resistor is 10Ω. So, when the switch is closed, maximum current flows through the inductor.
Now, let us see what happens when the switch is opened suddenly.
First, let us calculate the time constant. Using the formula of time constant and substituting the above assumed values, it is clear that the time constant is 1 second.
So, it will take approximately 5 seconds from the moment the switch is open, to completely stop the flow of current. This means that current flows in the circuit even after the switch is open (assuming it would take a few milli seconds to completely open the switch). How is this possible?
This can be understood from the inductors point of view. The switch gap, which is essentially air, is viewed as a huge resistor by the inductor and the resistance is in the order of few mega Ohms. This means that the circuit is still closed from inductor’s point of view with a huge resistor filling in the air gap.
Now that it is confirmed that the circuit is still closed, the inductor will try to dissipate the current and in order to do so, the inductor will drop voltage across the air gap resistance by reversing its polarity by using the energy stored in it in the form of magnetic field.
Now, the inductor tries to flow current as per its current dissipation curve. This could be problematic according to Ohm’s Law, V = I x R.
Even for a small current, when it is multiplied by the huge air resistance (few hundreds of Mega Ohms) will lead to a very high voltage across the air resistor. This is the origin of the Flyback Voltage or Voltage Spike.
As there is no physical resistor when the switch is opened, sparks / arcs will occur between the switch and the other terminal, if a mechanical switch is used. All the energy from the arc is usually discharged across the contacts of the switch in the form of heat.
This could potentially damage the switches permanently or drastically reduce the lifetime of the switches. when speaking of switches, they can be mechanical switches or semiconductor switches like Transistors.
To protect the switch from being damaged due voltage spikes or inductive Flyback, a Flyback Diode or a Freewheeling Diode is used. The basic idea behind the use of a Flyback Diode is to provide an alternative path for the inductor for its current to flow.
The above image shows the same inductor circuit but with additionally a Flyback Diode. It is important to note that the diode is connected in reverse bias when the switch is closed.
As a result, the diode doesn’t impact the operation of the rest of the circuit when the switch is closed and maximum current flows through the inductor.
But when the switch is opened, the change in polarity of the inductor will make the diode to be placed in forward bias. Hence, the diode will allow current to flow at a rate determined by the time constant of the inductor.
The resistance of the diode, when it is forward biased, is very less and hence the voltage drop across the diode will be significantly less for the current to flow. This prevents arc at the switching device and as a result protects the switching device from damage.
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Here is a simple LM386 based audio amplifier circuit with the author’s prototype shown below. LM386 based audio amplifier: circuit and working Circuit diagram of the LM386 based audio amplifier is shown in Fig. 2. It is built around popular amplifier LM386 (IC1), an 8-ohm, one-watt speaker (LS1), four capacitors and a few other components. […]
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RF antennas or aerials do not radiate equally in all directions. It is found that any realisable RF antenna design will radiate more in some directions than others. The actual pattern is dependent upon the type of antenna design, its size, the environment and a variety of other factors. This directional pattern can be used […]
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This article presents a simple, low-cost stereo headphones buffer using two LM358 operational amplifiers (op-amps). It is used to connect the headphones to line outputs capable of driving loads up to 600-ohm. The circuit has a high input impedance, low quiescent current and large voltage operating range. Power can be taken either from a USB […]
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In this tutorial, we will learn about one of the major applications of Capacitors as Bypass Capacitor or Decoupling Capacitor.
We know that a Capacitor is an electrical device that is capable of storing energy in the form of electric field and releasing it at a predetermined time and rate. Also, Capacitors block direct current and pass alternating current.
Both these features (or functionalities) of the Capacitor are used in a Bypass Capacitor.
Imagine you have designed a nice Op-Amp circuit and started prototyping it and disappointed to find that the circuit doesn’t work as expected or doesn’t work at all. The main reason for this may be Noise from power supply or internal IC Circuitry or even from neighbouring ICs may have coupled into the circuit.
The noise from the power supply due to regular spikes is undesirable and must be eliminated at any cost. Bypass Capacitors act as the first line of defence against unwanted noise on power supply.
A Bypass Capacitor is usually applied between the VCC and GND pins of an integrated circuit. The Bypass Capacitor eliminates the effect of voltage spikes on the power supply and also reduce the power supply noise.
The name Bypass Capacitor is used as it bypasses the high frequency components of power supply. It is also called as a Decoupling Capacitor as it decouples one part of the circuit from other (usually, the noise from power supply or other ICs is shunted and its effect is reduced on the other part of the circuit).
Bypass Capacitors are generally applied at two locations on a circuit: one at the power supply and other at every active device (analog or digital IC).
The bypass capacitor placed near the power supply eliminate voltage drops in power supply by storing charge and releasing them whenever necessary (usually, when a spike occurs).
Coming to the bypass capacitor placed near VCC and GND pins of an IC will be able to instantaneous current demands of a switching circuit (digital ICs) as the parasitic resistance and inductance delay the instantaneous current delivery.
To understand how a bypass capacitor eliminates noise, you need to first understand how a capacitor works in DC and in AC. When a capacitor is connected across a DC power supply, like a battery from example, an electric field is developed across the dielectric with a positive charge on one of the conductors and negative charge on the other.
As the capacitor charges, a transient current flows from the supply. But as the charge on the capacitor reaches its maximum (determined by Q = CV), the electric field between the conducting plates of the capacitor nullifies the electric field of the power supply and no more charges flow through capacitor.
Hence, in a DC Circuit, the capacitor charges to the supply voltage and blocks the flow of any current through it.
When a capacitor is connected across a time varying AC power supply, the current flows with little or no resistance due to charging and discharging cycles.
Keeping this in mind, when a Bypass Capacitor is placed across the power supply, it provides a low resistance path for the noise (which is essentially an alternating signal) from supply to ground. Hence, the bypass capacitor shunts the power supply with the nose signals.
Since DC is blocked by the capacitor, it will pass through the circuits instead of passing through the capacitor to ground. This is the reason; this capacitor is also known as Decoupling Capacitor.
A circuit without Bypass Capacitor or improper Bypassing can create severe power disturbances and may lead to circuit failure. Hence, an appropriate Bypass Capacitor must be used in the circuit.
The following are a few considerations that must be taken into account when selecting a Bypass Capacitor.
In high frequency circuits, the lead inductance of the bypass capacitor is an important factor. When switching at high frequencies like > 100MHz, a high frequency noise is generated on the power rails and these harmonics in power supply in combination with high lead inductances will cause the capacitor to act as an open circuit.
This prevents the capacitor to supply the necessary current when needed in order to maintain a stable supply. Hence, when selecting a capacitor for bypassing power supply from internal noise of the device (integrated circuit), a capacitor with low lead inductance must be selected.
MLCC or Multilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitors are the preferred choice for bypassing power supply.
The placement of a Bypass Capacitor is very simple. Generally, a Bypass Capacitor is placed as close as possible to the power pin of the device. If the distance increases, the extra tack on the PCB can translate into a series inductor and a series resistor, which lowers the useful bandwidth of the capacitor.
Hence, longer PCB traces between the power pin and the bypass capacitor increases inductance and defeats the purpose of introducing the bypass capacitor in the first place.
The size of a bypass capacitor is crucial in determining the ability of the capacitor to supply instantaneous current to the device when needed. There are two things to be considered when determining the size of a capacitor.
If the output load is purely resistive, then the frequency doesn’t affect the rising and falling times of the output. However, if the output load is capacitive, an increase in frequency will cause higher transient current and oscillations in the supply.
The following image shows the circuit diagram of a voltage divider biased Amplifier. Resistors R1, R2, RC and RE help the transistor to bias with Q point approximately at the middle of the load line. The resistor RE adds stability to the Q point.
There are two coupling capacitors C1 and C2 at input and output respectively. C1 couples the alternating signal source to the base of the transistor while C2 couples the amplifies signal to the load.
But the device of discussion is the Bypass Capacitor CE. The magnitude of the emitter current is large due to amplification of the ac signal. If there is no bypass capacitor, the large ac emitter current flows through the emitter resistor RE with a large ac voltage drop across RE.
This results in a small ac base current as the voltage drop across the RE subtracts from Vin. Hence, the output voltage decreases and the voltage gain reduces drastically.
We need to provide a low impedance path for the ac emitter current to flow from emitter to ground to prevent a loss of voltage gain. This can be achieved by connecting a capacitor between emitter and ground and this acts as a Bypass Capacitor for bypassing ac emitter current.
Almost all analog and digital devices use bypass capacitors. In both these devices, a bypass capacitor, usually a capacitor or value 0.1µF, is placed very closely to the power pins. Power supply sources also use bypass capacitors and they are usually the larger 10µF capacitors.
The value of bypass capacitor is dependent on the device i.e. in case of power supplies it is between 10µF to 100µF and in case of ICs, it is usually 0.1µF or determined by the frequency of operation.
If the bandwidth of the device is approximately 1MHz, a 1µF bypass capacitor is used. If the bandwidth is approximately 10MHz or above, a 0.1µF capacitor is used.
In some applications, a network of bypass capacitors in parallel is used to filter a wide range of frequencies.
Every active device in a circuit must have a bypass capacitor placed close to the power supply pin. In case there are multiple bypass capacitors, the smaller capacity capacitor must be placed close to the device.
In analog circuits, a bypass capacitor generally redirects the high frequency components on the power supply to ground. Otherwise, these signals would enter into the sensitive analog IC through the power supply pin. If a bypass capacitor is not used in an analog circuit, there is a good chance that noise is introduced into the signal path.
The use of bypass capacitors in Digital circuits with microprocessor and controllers is slightly different. The major function of bypass capacitors in digital circuits is to act as charge reservoirs.
In digital circuits, where the logic gates are switched at high frequency, there is requirement for a large current during the switching. The parasitic resistance and inductance will not allow sudden flow of huge current that is required in the switching process.
Hence, a Bypass, which is placed as close to the power pin as possible to reduce parasitic inductance, will provide the instantaneous current before the power supply could kick-in.
The main purpose of a bypass capacitor is to shunt the undesirable high frequency components of a power supply while passing the desirable DC. The following are the three main areas of application of Bypass Capacitors.
Bypass capacitors are used to provide the necessary current when demanded. For example, the drive current to a loudspeaker from an amplifier varies according to the signal and the current demands of the amplifier’s output are dependent on the loudness of the signal.
Such varying current at the output causes a varying current drawn from the supply. These variations in the power can cause fluctuations that may be coupled to the signal line as noise through the power supply.
Bypass Capacitors can be helpful in reducing the fluctuations by acting as temporary current sources.
In power supplies, large bypass capacitors usually 100µF or 1000µF or more, are used to filter the ripples of the rectified sine wave.
In digital circuits, a bypass capacitor is used between VCC and GND pins of all the IC. This helps in maintaining a stable power supply within the recommended range of the IC and also to eliminate high frequency signals from entering the power supply. Additionally, they also act as instantaneous current providers in fast switching circuits.
The post What is a Bypass Capacitor? Tutorial | Applications appeared first on Electronics Hub.
Electronic devices, microwaves and other household devices rely on PCB technology to stay in working condition. Lifetime and performance of a PCB board depend on the choice of circuit board material. To select the right circuit board material, it is important to examine the materials available for different board categories. There are different properties and […]
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A compass and a protractor are two of the most basic tools used in geometry. For mathematics and engineering students, these tools are a must. But sometimes it is difficult to get accurate angle measurement for certain structures and geometrical shapes using these traditional tools. So, I thought of developing a digital compass to make […]
The post Digital Protractor And Angle Measurement Device With Arduino(Hindi & English). appeared first on Electronics For You.
If you are still using the traditional switches, then I’m sorry to say this but they are outdated now. Moreover, these traditional switches have mechanical moving parts which get damaged on continuous use. Nowadays, old switch boards are getting replaced by modern touch switches that not only enhance the look of our homes but are […]
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Improvements to recommendation systems is a low-hanging fruit that would not only ensure that customers have a high repeat rate but also improve customer experience. Recommendation systems are one of the primary ways in which e-commerce websites tend to generate repeat purchases, that is, getting a purchase from an already registered customer. Repeat purchase is […]
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Presented here is a submersible pump starter circuit using electronic overload relay, solid-state relay and adjustable startup delay. A submersible pump is a type of centrifugal pump designed to function with the pump and the motor completely submerged in the water. The motor is sealed in such a way that it prevents any ingress of […]
The post Control Panel For Submersible Monoblock Pumpset appeared first on Electronics For You.
In this video, the presenter is going to share with you the working principle of a Li-ion cell and how it is used in Electric cars. He is going to also explain why Li-ion cell technology is superior to other conventional vehicle technology like combustion engines, induction motors etc. Courtesy: Learn Engineering
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In simple terms, nanotechnology is the part of science that deals with the control of matter with dimensions smaller than 100 nanometres, and can go down to atomic and molecular scales. The study and manipulation of matter, particles and structures on the nanometer scale is referred to as nanoscience. Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience […]
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This alarm plays your prerecorded voice message. It is built around the readily available quartz clock. Take the buzzer out of the quartz clock and connect its positive terminal to pin 1 and negative terminal to pin 2 of optocoupler IC MCT2E (IC2). Pin 4 of IC2 is grounded and pin 5 is connected to […]
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This simple telephone caller identification display can be very useful for bikers. While riding a bike or any two-wheeler, the cellphone is usually kept in a pocket. When you receive a phone call on your cellphone, you do not know who is calling unless you look at the screen. And sometimes you may not even […]
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In this tutorial we will learn how to build an Arduino Gimbal or a self-stabilizing platform with servo motors. This tutorial is actually an extension of the previous tutorial about the MPU6050 tutorial.
I designed the gimbal using a 3D modeling software. It consists of 3 MG996R servo motors for the 3-axis control, and a base on which the MPU6050 sensor, the Arduino and the battery will be placed.
You can find and download this 3D model as well as the STL files which are used for 3D printing on here:
DIY Gimbal 3D Model:
STL Files:
Using my Creality CR-10 3D printer, I 3D printed all the parts and they came of just perfect.
Assembling the gimbal was quite easy. I started with installing the Yaw servo. Using M3 bolts and nuts I secured it to the base.
Next, using the same method I secured the Roll servo. The parts are specifically designed to easily fit the MG996R servos.
For connecting the parts to each other I used the round horns which come as accessories with the servos.
First, we need to secure the round horn to the base with two bolts, and then attach it to the previous servo using another bolt.
I repeated this process for assembling the rest of the components, the Pitch servo and the top platform.
Next, I passed the servo wires through the holders openings in order to keep them organized. Then I inserted the MPU6050 sensor and secured it on the base with a bolt and a nut.
For powering the project, I used 2 Li-ion batteries which I placed in this battery holder. I secured the battery holder to the base using two bolts and nuts.
The 2 Li-ion batteries will produce around 7.4V, but we need 5V for powering the Arduino and the servos. That’s why I used a buck converter which will convert 7.4V to 5V.
What’s left now, is to connect everything together. Here’s the circuit diagram of this project and how everything needs to be connected.
You can get the components needed for this Arduino Tutorial from the links below:
*Please note: These are affiliate links. I may make a commission if you buy the components through these links. I would appreciate your support in this way!
At the end I squeezed the electronics components and the wires into the base, and covered them using this cover at the bottom.
With this the self-balancing platform or the Arduino gimbal is done and it works well as expected. What’s left is to take a look at the program.
The Arduino code for this example is a modification of the MPU6050_DMP6 example from the i2cdevlib library by Jeff Rowberg.
Here’s you can download the code:
Code description: So, we are using the output readable yaw, pitch and roll.
// Get Yaw, Pitch and Roll values
#ifdef OUTPUT_READABLE_YAWPITCHROLL
mpu.dmpGetQuaternion(&q, fifoBuffer);
mpu.dmpGetGravity(&gravity, &q);
mpu.dmpGetYawPitchRoll(ypr, &q, &gravity);
// Yaw, Pitch, Roll values - Radians to degrees
ypr[0] = ypr[0] * 180 / M_PI;
ypr[1] = ypr[1] * 180 / M_PI;
ypr[2] = ypr[2] * 180 / M_PI;
// Skip 300 readings (self-calibration process)
if (j <= 300) {
correct = ypr[0]; // Yaw starts at random value, so we capture last value after 300 readings
j++;
}
// After 300 readings
else {
ypr[0] = ypr[0] - correct; // Set the Yaw to 0 deg - subtract the last random Yaw value from the currrent value to make the Yaw 0 degrees
// Map the values of the MPU6050 sensor from -90 to 90 to values suatable for the servo control from 0 to 180
int servo0Value = map(ypr[0], -90, 90, 0, 180);
int servo1Value = map(ypr[1], -90, 90, 0, 180);
int servo2Value = map(ypr[2], -90, 90, 180, 0);
// Control the servos according to the MPU6050 orientation
servo0.write(servo0Value);
servo1.write(servo1Value);
servo2.write(servo2Value);
}
#endif
Once we get the values, first we convert them from radians to degrees.
// Yaw, Pitch, Roll values - Radians to degrees
ypr[0] = ypr[0] * 180 / M_PI;
ypr[1] = ypr[1] * 180 / M_PI;
ypr[2] = ypr[2] * 180 / M_PI;
Then we wait or make 300 readings, because the sensor is still in self-calibration process during this time. Also, we capture the Yaw value, which at the beginning is not 0 like the Pitch and Roll values, rather it’s always some random value.
// Skip 300 readings (self-calibration process)
if (j <= 300) {
correct = ypr[0]; // Yaw starts at random value, so we capture last value after 300 readings
j++;
}
After the 300 readings, first we set the Yaw to 0 by subtracting the above captured random value. Then we map the values of the Yaw, Pitch and Roll, from – 90 to +90 degrees, into values from 0 to 180 which are used for driving the servos.
// After 300 readings
else {
ypr[0] = ypr[0] - correct; // Set the Yaw to 0 deg - subtract the last random Yaw value from the currrent value to make the Yaw 0 degrees
// Map the values of the MPU6050 sensor from -90 to 90 to values suatable for the servo control from 0 to 180
int servo0Value = map(ypr[0], -90, 90, 0, 180);
int servo1Value = map(ypr[1], -90, 90, 0, 180);
int servo2Value = map(ypr[2], -90, 90, 180, 0);
// Control the servos according to the MPU6050 orientation
servo0.write(servo0Value);
servo1.write(servo1Value);
servo2.write(servo2Value);
}
Finally using the write function, we send these values to the servos as control signals. Of course, you can disable the Yaw servo if you want just stabilization for the X and Y axis, and use this platform as camera gimbal.
Please note this far from good camera gimbal. The movements are not smooth because these servos are not meant for such a purpose. Real camera gimbals use a special type of BLDC motors for getting smooth movements. So, consider this project only for educational purpose.
That would be all for this tutorial, I hope you enjoyed it and learned something new. Feel free to ask any question in the comments section below and don’t forget to check my collection of Arduino Projects.
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