Wednesday, 31 October 2018

Optronic Sensors: Gyroscopic Sensors (Part 4 of 6)

Read Part 3 Operational basics, salient features and military specific applications of ring laser gyroscopes and fibre-optic gyroscopes are discussed in this part of the article. Gyroscopic sensors constitute an essential component of inertial navigation sensors (INSes), which are extensively used on a range of aerospace vehicles. These include commercial airliners, military aircraft and spacecraft. Another […]

The post Optronic Sensors: Gyroscopic Sensors (Part 4 of 6) appeared first on Electronics For You.



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ON Semiconductor Bluetooth Low Energy IoT Development Kits Giveaway



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Electrical Symbols for Electronic Components: Passive Components

This two-article series provides an overview of circuit symbols, along with some information on the components that they represent.

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Tunnel Diode – Working, Characteristics, Applications

What is a Tunnel Diode?

A Tunnel Diode is a heavily doped p-n junction diode. The tunnel diode shows negative resistance. When voltage value increases, current flow decreases. Tunnel diode works based on Tunnel Effect.

Tunnel Diode

The following image shows the symbol of a Tunnel Diode.

Tunnel Diode Symbol

Leo Esaki invented Tunnel diode in August 1957. Therefore, it is also called as Esaki diode. The materials used for this diode are Germanium, Gallium arsenide and other silicon materials. Tunnel diode shows a negative resistance in their operating range. So, it can be used as amplifier, oscillators and in any switching circuits.

Tunnel Diode Image 1

Width of the Depletion Region in Tunnel Diode

When mobile charge carriers both free electrons and holes are missing, the region in a p-n junction has a region called Depletion region. To stop the flow of electrons from the n-type semiconductor and holes from the p-type semiconductor, depletion region acts as a barrier.

Depending on the number of impurities added, width of depletion region varies. To increase electrical conductivity of the p-type and n-type semiconductor impurities are added. A wide and big depletion region is formed when a smaller number of impurities is added to p-n junction diode. At the same time, when a greater number of impurities is added, narrow depletion region occurs.

Tunnel Diode Image 2

The p-type and n-type semiconductor is heavily doped in a tunnel diode due to a greater number of impurities. Heavy doping results in a narrow depletion region. When compared to a normal p-n junction diode, tunnel diode has a narrow depletion width. Therefore, when small amount of voltage is applied, it produces enough electric current in the tunnel diode.

Tunnel Diode Image 3

Tunneling Effect

In electronics, Tunneling is known as a direct flow of electrons across the small depletion region from n-side conduction band into the p-side valence band. In a p-n junction diode, both positive and negative ions form the depletion region. Due to these ions, in-built electric potential or electric field is present in the depletion region. This electric field gives an electric force to the opposite direction of externally applied voltage.

Tunnel Diode Image 4

As the width of the depletion layer reduces, charge carriers can easily cross the junction. Charge carriers do not need any form of kinetic energy to move across the junction. Instead, carriers punch through junction. This effect is called Tunneling and hence the diode is called Tunnel Diode.

Tunnel Diode Image 6

Due to Tunneling, when the value of forward voltage is low value of forward current generated will be high. It can operate in forward biased as well as in reverse biased. Due to high doping, it can operate in reverse biased. Due to the reduction in barrier potential, the value of reverse breakdown voltage also reduces. It reaches a value of zero. Due to this small reverse voltage leads to diode breakdown. Hence, this creates negative resistance region.

Tunnel Diode Working Phenomenon

Unbiased Tunnel Diode

In an unbiased tunnel diode, no voltage will be applied to the tunnel diode. Here, due to heavy doping conduction band of n – type semiconductor overlaps with valence band of p – type material. Electrons from n side and holes from p side overlap with each other and they will be at same energy level.

Some electrons tunnel from the conduction band of n-region to the valence band of p-region when temperature increases. Similarly, holes will move from valence band of p-region to the conduction band of n-region. Finally, the net current will be zero since equal numbers of electrons are holes flow in opposite direction.

Tunnel Diode Image 7

P α e (-A *E *b *W)

P – Probability that the particle crosses the barrier

W – Width of the barrier

E – Energy of the barrier

Small Voltage Applied to the Tunnel Diode

When a small voltage, that has lesser value than the built-in voltage of the depletion layer, is applied to the tunnel diode, there is no flow of forward current through the junction. Nevertheless, a minimal number of electrons from the conduction band of n region will start tunneling to valence band in p region.

Therefore, this movement creates a small forward biased tunnel current. When a small voltage is applied, tunnel current starts to flow.

Tunnel Diode Image 8

Increased Voltage Applied to the Tunnel Diode

When the amount of voltage applied is increased, the number of free electrons generated at n side and holes at p side is also increased. Due to voltage increase, overlapping between the bands are also increased.

Maximum tunnel current flows when the energy level of n-side conduction band and the energy level of a p-side valence band becomes equal.

Tunnel Diode Image 9

Further Increased Voltage Applied to the Tunnel Diode

A further increase in the applied voltage will cause a slight misalignment of the conduction band and valence band. Still there will be an overlap between conduction band and valence band. The electrons move from conduction band to valence band of p region. Therefore, this causes small current to flow. Hence, tunnel current starts decreasing.

Tunnel Diode Image 10

Largely Increased Voltage Applied to the Tunnel Diode

The tunneling current will be zero when applied voltage is increased more to the maximum. At this voltage levels, the valence band and the conduction band does not overlap. This makes tunnel diode to operate same as a PN junction diode.

Tunnel Diode Image 11

When applied voltage is more than the built-in potential of the depletion layer the forward current starts flowing through the tunnel diode. In this condition, current portion in the curve decreases when the voltage increases and this is the negative resistance of tunnel diode. Such diodes operating in negative resistance region is used as amplifier or oscillator.

V-I Characteristics of Tunnel Diode

Due to forward biasing, because of heavy doping conduction happens in the diode. The maximum current that a diode reaches is Ip and voltage applied is Vp. The current value decreases, when more amount of voltage is applied. Current keeps decreasing until it reaches a minimal value.

Tunnel Diode I V Characteristics

The small minimal value of current is Iv. From the above graph, it is seen that from point A to B current reduces when voltage increases. That is the negative resistance region of diode. In this region, tunnel diode produces power instead of absorbing it.

Applications of Tunnel Diode

  • Tunnel diode can be used as a switch, amplifier, and oscillator.
  • Since it shows a fast response, it is used as high frequency component.
  • Tunnel diode acts as logic memory storage device.
  • They are used in oscillator circuits, and in FM receivers. Since it is a low current device, it is not used more.

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Tuesday, 30 October 2018

News Brief: ON Semiconductor’s Newest CCD Image Sensor for AOI applications

ON Semiconductor has announced their latest CCD image sensor, the KAI-50140, that incorporates 50 megapixels with industrial inspection in mind.

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Monday, 29 October 2018

What is a Photodiode? Working, Characteristics, Applications

What is a Photodiode?

It is a form of light-weight sensor that converts light energy into electrical voltage or current. Photodiode is a type of semi conducting device with PN junction. Between the p (positive) and n (negative) layers, an intrinsic layer is present. The photo diode accepts light energy as input to generate electric current.

It is also called as Photodetector, photo sensor or light detector. Photo diode operates in reverse bias condition i.e. the p – side of the photodiode is connected with negative terminal of battery (or the power supply) and n – side to the positive terminal of battery.

Typical photodiode materials are Silicon, Germanium, Indium Gallium Arsenide Phosphide and Indium gallium arsenide.

Internally, a photodiode has optical filters, built in lens and a surface area. When surface area of photodiode increases, it results in more response time. Few photo diodes will look like Light Emitting Diode (LED). It has two terminals as shown below. The smaller terminal acts as cathode and longer terminal acts as anode.

Photodiode Image

The symbol of the photodiode is similar to that of an LED but the arrows point inwards as opposed to outwards in the LED. The following image shows the symbol of a photodiode.

Photodiode Symbol

Working of a Photodiode

Generally, when a light is made to illuminate the PN junction, covalent bonds are ionized. This generates hole and electron pairs. Photocurrents are produced due to generation of electron-hole pairs. Electron hole pairs are formed when photons of energy more than 1.1eV hits the diode. When the photon enters the depletion region of diode, it hits the atom with high energy. This results in release of electron from atom structure. After the electron release, free electrons and hole are produced.

Photodiode Working

In general, an electron will have negative charge and holes will have a positive charge. The depletion energy will have built in electric filed. Due to that electric filed, electron hole pairs moves away from the junction. Hence, holes move to anode and electrons move to cathode to produce photo current.   The photon absorption intensity and photon energy are directly proportional to each other. When energy of photos is less, the absorption will be more. This entire process is known as Inner Photoelectric Effect.

Intrinsic Excitations and Extrinsic Excitations are the two methods via which the photon excitation happens. The process of intrinsic excitation happens, when an electron in the valence band is excited by photon to conduction band.

Also read “Different Types of Sensors

Modes of operation of a Photo Diode

Photodiode operates in three different modes namely Photovoltaic mode, Photoconductive mode and Avalanche diode mode.

Photovoltaic Mode

This is otherwise called as Zero Bias mode. When a photodiode operates low frequency applications and ultra-level light applications, this mode is preferred. When photodiode is irradiated by flash of light, voltage is produced. The voltage produced will be in very small dynamic range and it has a non-linear characteristic. When photodiode is configured with OP-AMP in this mode, there will be a very less variation with temperature.

Photodiode Photovoltaic Mode

Photoconductive Mode

In this mode, photodiode will act in reverse biased condition. Cathode will be positive and anode will be negative. When the reverse voltage increases, the width of the depletion layer also increases. Due to this the response time and junction capacitance will be reduced. Comparatively this mode of operation is fast and produces electronic noise.

Photodiode Photoconductive Mode

Transimpedance amplifiers are used as preamplifiers for photodiodes. Modes of Such amplifiers keep the voltage maintains to be constant to make photo diode operate in the photoconductive mode.

Avalanche Diode Mode

In this mode, avalanche diode operates at a high reverse bias condition. It allows multiplication of an avalanche breakdown to each photo-produced electron-hole pair. Hence, this produces internal gain within photodiode. The internal gain increases the device response.

Connecting a Photodiode in an External Circuit

A photodiode operates in a circuit in reverse bias. Anode is connected to circuit ground and cathode to positive supply voltage of the circuit. When illuminated by light, current flows from cathode to anode.

Photodiode Circuit Connection

When photodiodes are used with external circuits, they are connected to a power source in the circuit. The amount of current produced by a photodiode will be very small. This value of current will not be enough to drive an electronic device. So when they are connected to an external power source, it delivers more current to the circuit. So, battery is used as a power source. The battery source helps to increase the current value, which helps the external devices to have a better performance

V-I Characteristics of Photodiode

Photodiode operates in reverse bias condition. Reverse voltages are plotted along X axis in volts and reverse current are plotted along Y-axis in microampere. Reverse current does not depend on reverse voltage. When there is no light illumination, reverse current will be almost zero. The minimum amount of current present is called as Dark Current. Once when the light illumination increases, reverse current also increases linearly.

Photodiode V-I Characteristics

Applications of Photodiode

  • In a simple day to day applications, photodiodes are used. The reason for their use is their linear response of photodiode to a light illumination. When more amount of light falls on the sensor, it produces high amount of current. The increase in current will be displayed on a galvanometer connected to the circuit.
  • Photodiodes helps to provide an electric isolation with help of optocouplers. When two isolated circuits are illuminated by light, optocouplers is used to couple the circuit optically. But the circuits will be isolated electrically. Compared to conventional devices, optocouplers are fast.
  • Photodiodes are applied in safety electronics like fire and smoke detectors. It is also used in TV units.
  • When utilized in cameras, they act as photo sensors. It is used in scintillators charge-coupled devices, photoconductors, and photomultiplier tubes.
  • Photodiodes are also widely used in numerous medical applications  like instruments to analyze samples, detectors for computed tomography and also used in blood gas monitors.

 

 

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How to Reduce Ground Bounce: Mitigating Noise with PCB Design Best Practices

Learn what ground bounce is and how you can avoid it with design decisions from PCB layout to programming.

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Environmental Sensors: Omron, Bosch, and Sensirion Sensors for Smart Homes, IoT Devices, Wearables

What counts as an environmental sensor anyway? Check out some of the leading environmental sensors and what they measure.

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Motion Detector Security Alarm Using Digispark Development Board

This circuit produces an alarm whenever someone comes near the spotting range of its passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor. It can be used as a security system to guard your home and other property, if utilised properly. The author’s prototype is shown in Fig. 1. Circuit and Working Circuit diagram of the motion detector security […]

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Saturday, 27 October 2018

Wi-Fi In 60 GHz Band Will Provide Teragraph Network for Urban Backbone

Wi-Fi – a widely used technology for internet connectivity over wireless access. Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum for radio waves, mostly in band of 2.5 GHZ or 5GHz. Wi-Fi has been coping with other wireless access technologies through its rapid advancements. New standards developed by IEEE, has appeared to keep it a relevant technology with time. […]

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Friday, 26 October 2018

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IN FEW SOME DAY LATER OTHER BRAND AND MODEL SOFTWARE ARE UPDATE.....

The Path of Least Impedance: How to Use Return Paths for Better PCB Design

High-speed signals don't follow the path of least resistance; they follow the path of least impedance.

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LG 22LN4305 PT on standby

motherboard board
pannel
flap

fault standby not release
main ic fault A7MK669C
Problem solved

Thursday, 25 October 2018

Power Systems and Battery Chemistries Used in Electric Vehicles

This article provides an introduction to the characteristics and requirements of EV battery systems.

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Texas Instruments Releases Digital Temperature Sensor Family for Medical and Industrial Applications

Texas Instruments today announced a new family of digital temperature sensors, the TMP117x.

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Samsung Model UA22ES4003R

Model No
Power Supply
Mother Board
Panel
Here a jumer fire dc 300v supply

Samsung UA24H4003ARMXL LED TV NO LIGHT

No light
Inverter ic over heat
add this 39k ohems resistance
problem solved

How To: Installing an SSD In a Desktop PC

In this video, the presenter will be demonstrating how to install an SSD (solid state drive) in a stationary PC. He Is using the SSD as a system drive and leaving the HDD (hard disk drive) as a storage drive. This upgrade will significantly speed up your computer. The operating system will start much faster […]

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Wednesday, 24 October 2018

Bridgetek Introduces “Credit Card” Dev Modules for EVE IC Geared Towards Human-Machine Interfaces

Bridgetek recently released a slim "credit card" dev module for its EVE (embedded video engine) IC, the BT81x.

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How to Design Ferrite Transformers of Various Topologies?

A ferrite transformer has a magnetic core in which coil (inductor) windings are made on a ferrite core component. It offers low eddy current losses. It is normally used for high-frequency applications. Common ferrite core types are toroidal, closed-core, shell and cylindrical. Depending on circuit designs, core types and applications of transformers, there are different […]

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Webinar on Innovations In Isolated Fieldbus Communications

Fieldbus is much more sensitive to layout and wiring problems than traditional systems. This webinar is designed to help engineers overcome these challenges to achieve the required performance and reliability to address customer concerns. New Delhi, India –(October 24, 2018)- Mouser Electronics, Inc. in collaboration with Analog Devices, is proud to present technical webinar on […]

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Tuesday, 23 October 2018

How to Design Charge Amplifiers for Piezoelectric Sensors

This article explores charge-amplifier design details, including ESD protection and frequency response.

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On-Chip Diagnostic Features: A Single-Channel 16-Bit DAC from Analog Devices

In this article, we’ll take a look at the Analog Devices AD5758, which is a single-channel DAC with dynamic power control and HART connectivity.

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Five Research and Development Stages That Make Alexa Smarter

Rome was not built in a day, so wasn’t Amazon Alexa. Key insights from Amazon blog that explain why Alexa keeps getting smarter Amazon Alexa has been the talk of the town since its arrival in the world. Based on voice-commands, it has enabled users to complete a plethora of tasks in much easier and […]

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Post-Silicon Validation Methodology in SoC (Part 2 of 2)

Read Part 1 Post-silicon validation is an essential step to verify the proper functioning and operation of an SoC, post manufacture. Part 2 discusses elaborately the various methods and parameters involving post-silicon validation. Post-silicon validation involves a number of activities including validation of both functional and timing behaviour as well as non-functional requirements. Each validation […]

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How To: Repairing Lab Bench Power Supply

In this video, the presenter will show you how he repaired his lab bench power supply which got damaged through a battery which was connected the wrong way around. Along the way, he will also show you different reverse voltage protection techniques and show you their advantages and disadvantages. Courtesy: GreatScott!

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Monday, 22 October 2018

Understanding and Implementing Charge Amplifiers for Piezoelectric Sensor Systems

In this article we’ll explore a circuit that produces an output voltage proportional to the charge generated by a piezoelectric transducer.

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Does the IoT Need Oversight? UK Introduces “Code of Practice” of Cybersecurity for IoT Developers

The British government recently released a "Code of Practice" for IoT device developers to responsibly design secure devices. Is this list of best practices a precursor to regulation? Should it be?

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PWM-To-Analogue Signal Converter

This article presents a simple circuit to convert transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to analogue signal using LM358 operational amplifier. The circuit can be used as an extension shield for Arduino or microcontroller (MCU) or TTL/CMOS signal generator. PWM-based digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) are often used to produce analogue signals from digital […]

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Saturday, 20 October 2018

Haptic Technologies Roundup: Piezoelectric ICs, AR/VR Gloves, and Haptic Clothing

Haptic technology has come a long way in the past few decades and continues to find innovative improvements and applications across industries. Here's a quick look at some recent haptic technology-related news.

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TDA2003 Stereo Amplifier

The TDA2003 is a great sounding low wattage chip amp that’s perfect for casual listening with bookshelf and computer speakers. In this video, the presenter is going to show you how to design and build a stereo TDA2003 amplifier. First, he will show you the schematic and talk about what each component does. Then will […]

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Friday, 19 October 2018

Cooling of Electronics: Thermal Management Techniques for Optimal Design

All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and, thus, require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. Efficiency of an electronic device is inversely proportional to its temperature. A rise in temperature leads to a subsequent drop in performance. High-performance electronic components generate heat loads that create excessive junction temperatures, compromise component […]

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Thursday, 18 October 2018

Use It Or Lose It? What Should You Do with Non-Functional Pads?

Circuit board stacks of four or more layers often have through vias that attach to pads on layers where there is no electrical connection. Should those non-function pads stay, or should they go? This article presents the problem and provides resources.

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Video Tutorial: Soldering Tools for Robot Makers in English & Hindi

A look around you and you would find yourself within the creative waves emitted by Robotic DIYers (Do-it-yourselfers) who had long followed their inner passion, love and dedication for Robotics. Be it school, college or a corporate scenario you will find such passionate people enjoying their hobby-turned-profession to the fullest. I know you have a […]

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Wednesday, 17 October 2018

Small Size, nanoPower: A New Comparator from Texas Instruments

This article will look at the most important features of the TLV7031 which is a nanoPower comparator from Texas Instruments.

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Intro Software Walkthrough: Fast Fourier Transforms and the Xilinx FFT IP Core

This article will explain some of the most important settings and design parameters for the Xilinx FFT IP core and function as a basic walkthrough of the Fast Fourier Transform interface.

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Sensors for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Just like sense organs play an important role in the human body, electronic sensors play a vital role in robotics and artificial intelligence. New and advanced technologies have recreated most human sense organs, or sensors, in robots including eyes, ears, skin and nose. Just like sense organs play an important role in the human body, […]

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Tuesday, 16 October 2018

Supply Monitoring and Sequencing in a Single Chip: A “Super Sequencer” from Analog Devices

This article will look at the most important features of the Analog Devices ADM1266, which is a configurable power sequencing device.

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A Breach Directly Affects the Brand Name

Indian banks and enterprises are on a mission to strengthen their security systems against the ever-evolving cyber threats. Sourabh Issar, chief executive officer, CloudSek Information Security Pvt Ltd, tells Paromik Chakraborty of Electronics For You how digital risk management solutions ensure a safe online environment for businesses. Q. How vulnerable are banks and enterprises to […]

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