In this tutorial we will learn how to measure angle and track orientation using the Arduino and the ADXL345 Accelerometer sensor. You can watch the following video or read the written tutorial below for more details.
First, I will explain how the sensor work and how to read the data from it, and then using the Processing development environment, we will make a 3D visualization of the accelerometer orientation.
How ADXL345 Accelerometer Works
To begin with, let’s take a look how the ADXL345 sensor works. This is a 3-axis accelerometer which can measure both static and dynamic forces of acceleration. The earth gravitational force is a typical example of static force, while dynamic forces can be caused by vibrations, movements and so on.
The unit of measurement for acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s^2). However, accelerometer sensors usually express the measurements in “g” or gravity. One “g” is the value of the earth gravitational force which is equal to 9.8 meters per second squared.
So, if we have an accelerometer positioned flat, with its Z-axis pointing upwards, opposite to the gravitational force, the Z-axis output of the sensor will be 1g. On the other hand, the X and Y outputs will be zero, because the gravitational force is perpendicular to these axes and doesn’t affect them at all.
If we flip the sensor upside down, then the Z-axis output will be -1 g. This means that the outputs of the sensor due to its orientation to gravity can vary from -1g to +1g.
So according to this data and using some trigonometry math, we can calculate the angle at which the sensor is positioned.
How to Read ADXL345 Accelerometer Data with Arduino
Ok, now let’s see how we can read the ADXL345 accelerometer data using the Arduino. This sensor uses the I2C protocol for communication with the Arduino so we need only two wires for connecting it, plus the two wires for powering it.
You can get the components needed for this Arduino Tutorial from the links below:
- ADXL345 Accelerometer ………………. Amazon / Banggood
- Arduino Board …………………………….. Amazon / Banggood
- Breadboard and Jump Wires ………… Amazon / Banggood
*Please note: These are affiliate links. I may make a commission if you buy the components through these links. I would appreciate your support in this way!
ADXL345 Accelerometer Arduino Code
Here’s the Arduino code fo reading the ADXL345 accelerometer data.
/*
Arduino and ADXL345 Accelerometer Tutorial
by Dejan, https://howtomechatronics.com
*/
#include <Wire.h> // Wire library - used for I2C communication
int ADXL345 = 0x53; // The ADXL345 sensor I2C address
float X_out, Y_out, Z_out; // Outputs
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initiate serial communication for printing the results on the Serial monitor
Wire.begin(); // Initiate the Wire library
// Set ADXL345 in measuring mode
Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345); // Start communicating with the device
Wire.write(0x2D); // Access/ talk to POWER_CTL Register - 0x2D
// Enable measurement
Wire.write(8); // (8dec -> 0000 1000 binary) Bit D3 High for measuring enable
Wire.endTransmission();
delay(10);
}
void loop() {
// === Read acceleromter data === //
Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345);
Wire.write(0x32); // Start with register 0x32 (ACCEL_XOUT_H)
Wire.endTransmission(false);
Wire.requestFrom(ADXL345, 6, true); // Read 6 registers total, each axis value is stored in 2 registers
X_out = ( Wire.read()| Wire.read() << 8); // X-axis value
X_out = X_out/256; //For a range of +-2g, we need to divide the raw values by 256, according to the datasheet
Y_out = ( Wire.read()| Wire.read() << 8); // Y-axis value
Y_out = Y_out/256;
Z_out = ( Wire.read()| Wire.read() << 8); // Z-axis value
Z_out = Z_out/256;
Serial.print("Xa= ");
Serial.print(X_out);
Serial.print(" Ya= ");
Serial.print(Y_out);
Serial.print(" Za= ");
Serial.println(Z_out);
}
Description: So first we need to include the Wire.h library which is used for the I2C communication. If you want to learn more on how the I2C communication works and how to use it with Arduino you can check my other detailed tutorial for it.
Each device that uses the I2C communication has a unique I2C address, and this address can be found in the datasheet of the sensor (ADXL345 Datasheet). So, once we define the address and the variables for the three outputs, in the setup section, first, we need to initialize the wire library and then set the accelerometer in measuring mode. In order to do that, if we take a look at the datasheet again, we can see that we need to set the bit D3 of the POWER_CTL register HIGH.
So, using the beginTransmission() function we start the communication, then using the write() function we tell which register we want to access, and again using the write() function we set the D3 bit HIGH, by writing the number 8 in decimal which correspond to setting the bit D3 HIGH.
// Set ADXL345 in measuring mode Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345); // Start communicating with the device Wire.write(0x2D); // Access/ talk to POWER_CTL Register - 0x2D // Enable measurement Wire.write(8); // (8dec -> 0000 1000 binary) Bit D3 High for measuring enable Wire.endTransmission();
In the loop section now we read the data from the sensor. The data for each axis is stored in two bytes or registers. We can see the addresses of these registers from the datasheet.
In order to read them all, we start with the first register, and the using the requestionFrom() function we ask to read the 6 registers. Then using the read() function, we read the data from each register, and because the outputs are twos complements we combine them appropriately to get the correct values.
// === Read acceleromter data === // Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345); Wire.write(0x32); // Start with register 0x32 (ACCEL_XOUT_H) Wire.endTransmission(false); Wire.requestFrom(ADXL345, 6, true); // Read 6 registers total, each axis value is stored in 2 registers X_out = ( Wire.read()| Wire.read() << 8); // X-axis value X_out = X_out/256; //For a range of +-2g, we need to divide the raw values by 256, according to the datasheet Y_out = ( Wire.read()| Wire.read() << 8); // Y-axis value Y_out = Y_out/256; Z_out = ( Wire.read()| Wire.read() << 8); // Z-axis value Z_out = Z_out/256;
The output values from the sensor actually depend on the selected sensitivity, which can vary from +- 2g to +-16g. The default sensitivity is +-2g so that’s why we need to divide the output by 256 in order to get values from -1 to +1g. The 256 LSB/g means that we have 256 counts per g.
Depending on the application we can select the appropriate sensitivity. In this case, for tracking orientation, +-2g sensitivity is fine, but for application where we need to sense higher acceleration force from like sudden movements, shocks and so on, we can choose some of the other sensitivity ranges using the DATA_FORMAT register and its D1 and D0 bits.
ADXL345 Acceleromter Calibration
Nevertheless, once we read the data, we can simply print it on the serial monitor to check whether the values are as expected. In my case, the values I was getting were not exactly as they should be, especially the Z-axis which had a noticeable error of 0.1g.
To solve this issue, we need to calibrate the accelerometer using the 3 offset calibration registers, and here’s how we can do that. So, we need to position the sensor flat, and print the RAW values without dividing them by 256.
From here now we can notice the how much the outputs are off, in my case, the Z output was around 283. That’s difference of 27 in positive. Now we need to divide this value by 4, and that will give use the number that we need to write to the Z-axis offset register. If we upload the code now, the Z-axis output will be exactly 256, or 1g as it should be.
// This code goes in the SETUP section // Off-set Calibration //X-axis Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345); Wire.write(0x1E); // X-axis offset register Wire.write(1); Wire.endTransmission(); delay(10); //Y-axis Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345); Wire.write(0x1F); // Y-axis offset register Wire.write(-2); Wire.endTransmission(); delay(10); //Z-axis Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345); Wire.write(0x20); // Z-axis offset register Wire.write(-7); Wire.endTransmission(); delay(10);
If needed we should calibrate the other axis using the same method. And just a quick note that this calibration is not permanently written to the registers. We need to do write these values to the registers at each power up of the sensor.
Once we are done with the calibration, we can now finally calculate the Roll and Pitch, or the rotation around the X-axis and the rotation around the Y axis in degrees, using these two formulas.
// Calculate Roll and Pitch (rotation around X-axis, rotation around Y-axis) roll = atan(Y_out / sqrt(pow(X_out, 2) + pow(Z_out, 2))) * 180 / PI; pitch = atan(-1 * X_out / sqrt(pow(Y_out, 2) + pow(Z_out, 2))) * 180 / PI;
For more details how these formulas work, you can check this Freescale Semiconductor application note.
Arduino and ADXL345 Accelerometer Orientation Tracking – 3D Visualization
Ok, let’s make the accelerometer 3D visualization example now.
So, we are using the same code, which sends the Roll and Pitch values through the serial port. Here’s the complete Arduino code:
/*
Arduino and ADXL345 Accelerometer - 3D Visualization Example
by Dejan, https://howtomechatronics.com
*/
#include <Wire.h> // Wire library - used for I2C communication
int ADXL345 = 0x53; // The ADXL345 sensor I2C address
float X_out, Y_out, Z_out; // Outputs
float roll,pitch,rollF,pitchF=0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initiate serial communication for printing the results on the Serial monitor
Wire.begin(); // Initiate the Wire library
// Set ADXL345 in measuring mode
Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345); // Start communicating with the device
Wire.write(0x2D); // Access/ talk to POWER_CTL Register - 0x2D
// Enable measurement
Wire.write(8); // Bit D3 High for measuring enable (8dec -> 0000 1000 binary)
Wire.endTransmission();
delay(10);
//Off-set Calibration
//X-axis
Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345);
Wire.write(0x1E);
Wire.write(1);
Wire.endTransmission();
delay(10);
//Y-axis
Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345);
Wire.write(0x1F);
Wire.write(-2);
Wire.endTransmission();
delay(10);
//Z-axis
Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345);
Wire.write(0x20);
Wire.write(-9);
Wire.endTransmission();
delay(10);
}
void loop() {
// === Read acceleromter data === //
Wire.beginTransmission(ADXL345);
Wire.write(0x32); // Start with register 0x32 (ACCEL_XOUT_H)
Wire.endTransmission(false);
Wire.requestFrom(ADXL345, 6, true); // Read 6 registers total, each axis value is stored in 2 registers
X_out = ( Wire.read() | Wire.read() << 8); // X-axis value
X_out = X_out / 256; //For a range of +-2g, we need to divide the raw values by 256, according to the datasheet
Y_out = ( Wire.read() | Wire.read() << 8); // Y-axis value
Y_out = Y_out / 256;
Z_out = ( Wire.read() | Wire.read() << 8); // Z-axis value
Z_out = Z_out / 256;
// Calculate Roll and Pitch (rotation around X-axis, rotation around Y-axis)
roll = atan(Y_out / sqrt(pow(X_out, 2) + pow(Z_out, 2))) * 180 / PI;
pitch = atan(-1 * X_out / sqrt(pow(Y_out, 2) + pow(Z_out, 2))) * 180 / PI;
// Low-pass filter
rollF = 0.94 * rollF + 0.06 * roll;
pitchF = 0.94 * pitchF + 0.06 * pitch;
Serial.print(rollF);
Serial.print("/");
Serial.println(pitchF);
}
Now in the Processing development environment we need to receive these values and use them to rotate the 3D object that we will create. Here’s the complete Processing code:
/*
Arduino and ADXL345 Accelerometer - 3D Visualization Example
by Dejan, https://howtomechatronics.com
*/
import processing.serial.*;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.io.IOException;
Serial myPort;
String data="";
float roll, pitch;
void setup() {
size (960, 640, P3D);
myPort = new Serial(this, "COM8", 9600); // starts the serial communication
myPort.bufferUntil('\n');
}
void draw() {
translate(width/2, height/2, 0);
background(33);
textSize(22);
text("Roll: " + int(roll) + " Pitch: " + int(pitch), -100, 265);
// Rotate the object
rotateX(radians(roll));
rotateZ(radians(-pitch));
// 3D 0bject
textSize(30);
fill(0, 76, 153);
box (386, 40, 200); // Draw box
textSize(25);
fill(255, 255, 255);
text("www.HowToMechatronics.com", -183, 10, 101);
//delay(10);
//println("ypr:\t" + angleX + "\t" + angleY); // Print the values to check whether we are getting proper values
}
// Read data from the Serial Port
void serialEvent (Serial myPort) {
// reads the data from the Serial Port up to the character '.' and puts it into the String variable "data".
data = myPort.readStringUntil('\n');
// if you got any bytes other than the linefeed:
if (data != null) {
data = trim(data);
// split the string at "/"
String items[] = split(data, '/');
if (items.length > 1) {
//--- Roll,Pitch in degrees
roll = float(items[0]);
pitch = float(items[1]);
}
}
}
Description: So here, we need to include the serial library, define the serial port and the baud rate which needs to match we the baud rate of the uploaded Arduino sketch. Then we read the incoming data and put it into the appropriate roll and pitch variables. In the main draw loop, we use these values to rotate the 3D object, and in this case that’s a simple box with has a particular color and a text on it.
If we run the sketch, the 3D object will appear and it will track the orientation of the accelerometer sensor. We can notice here that the object is actually a bit shaky and that’s because the accelerometer captures not just the gravitational force, but also small forces generated by the movements of our hand. In order to get smoother result, we can use a simple Low-pass filter. Here I implemented such a filter in the Arduino code, which it takes 94% of the previous state and adds 6% of the current state or angle.
// Low-pass filter rollF = 0.94 * rollF + 0.06 * roll; pitchF = 0.94 * pitchF + 0.06 * pitch;
With this filter, we can notice that the object moves a lot smoother now, but there is also a side effect and that’s slower responsiveness. We can also notice that we are missing the Yaw, or rotation around the Z-axis. Using only the 3-axis accelerometer data we are not able to calculate the Yaw.
In order to do that and improve the overall performance of our orientation tracking sensor, we actually need to include an additional sensor, a gyroscope, and fuse its data with the accelerometer.
So, we can either use the ADXL345 accelerometer in combination some gyroscope sensor, or use the MPU6050 IMU which has both 3-Axis accelerometer and 3-Axis gyroscope integrated on a single chip. You can find more detailed tutorial on this sensor in my next video.
I hope you enjoyed this tutorial and learned something new. Feel free to ask any question in the comments section below and don’t forget to check my collection of Arduino Projects.
The post How To Track Orientation with Arduino and ADXL345 Accelerometer appeared first on HowToMechatronics.
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